Constitution

Constitution Constitution, U.S. 44-gun frigate, nicknamed Old Ironsides. It is perhaps the most famous vessel in the history of the U.S. navy. Authorized by Congress in 1794, the ship was launched in 1797 and was commissioned and put to sea in 1798 in the undeclared naval war with the French. It participated in the Tripolitan War. In the War of 1812, serving as flagship for Isaac Hull , The Constitution won a battle with the British vessel Guerrière on Aug. 19, 1812, and under the command of William Bainbridge it defeated the Java on Dec. 29, 1812. Charles Stewart was commanding the Constitution when on Feb. 20, 1815, it overcame the Cyane and the Levant (though the Levant was later recaptured by the British). The Constitution was condemned (1830) as unseaworthy, but public sentiment, aroused by Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem Old Ironsides, saved the ship from dismantling, and it was rebuilt in 1833. The ship was laid up at the Portsmouth navy yard in 1855 and was there used as a training ship. In 1877 it was rebuilt again, and the next year it crossed the Atlantic. In 1897 it was stored at the Boston navy yard, and in 1927â€"30, under authorization of Congress, it was restored by public subscription (1925â€"27). Another restoration was begun in 1992 and was completed in 1997. The Constitution is now maintained at the Boston navy yard. See J. Barnes, Naval Actions of the War of 1812 (1896); I. N. Hollis, The Frigate Constitution (1901); E. Snow, On the Deck of Old Ironsides (1932); T. P. Horgan, Old Ironsides (1963); J. E. Jennings, Tattered Ensign (1966); T. G. Martin, A Most Fortunate Ship (1997). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Definitions and Discussions of Redundancy in Language

The term redundancy has more than one meaning. (1) In grammar, redundancy  generally refers to any feature of a language that is not needed in order to identify a linguistic unit. (Features that are not redundant are said to be distinctive.) Adjective: redundant. (2) In generative grammar, redundancy refers to any language feature that can be predicted on the basis of other language features. (3) In common usage, redundancy refers to the repetition of the same idea or item of information within a phrase, clause, or sentence: a pleonasm or tautology. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: 200 Common RedundanciesExercise in Eliminating Deadwood From Our WritingInformation ContentPadding (Composition)Practice in Cutting the ClutterRAS SyndromeRevision Tip: Eliminate the Blah, Blah, Blah Etymology:  From the Latin, overflowing Examples and Observations A sentence of English--or of any other language--always has more information than you need to decipher it. This redundancy is easy to see. J-st tr- t- r--d th-s s-nt-nc-. The previous sentence was extremely garbled; all the vowel in the message were removed. However, it was still easy to decipher it and extract its meaning. The meaning of a message can remain unchanged even though parts of it are removed. This is the essence of redundancy.(Charles Seife, Decoding the Universe. Penguin, 2007)Thanks to the redundancy of language, yxx cxn xndxrstxnd whxt x xm wrxtxng xvxn xf x rxplxcx xll thx vxwxls wxth xn x (t gts lttl hrdr f y dnt vn kn whr th vwls r). In the comprehension of speech, the redundancy conferred by phonological rules can compensate for some of the ambiguity in the sound wave. For example, a listener can know that thisrip must be this rip and not the srip because the English consonant cluster sr is illegal.(Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Langua ge. William Morrow, 1994)Redundancy can be something as simple as the u that tends to follow a q in English (inherited from Latin), my saying PIN number, or my reciting my phone number twice when leaving you voicemail; or it may be something more complex, such as the harmonious recurrences sewn into a poem. Generally, you need to pick up about three words in ten to get an inkling of what a conversation is about; it is the lack of redundancy in mathematics and its teaching that explains why so much maths bewilders so many people. Redundancy can be rhetorical, but it can also be a practical way of shielding meaning from confusion--a safeguard, a reassuring and stabilizing kind of predictability.(Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars. John Murray, 2011)Highly predictable phonetic elements, grammatical markers that all must agree within a sentence, and predictable word-order constraints can help one anticipate what is coming. These are all direct contributors to redundancy.(Terrence Deacon , The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain. Norton, 1997) Redundancy: Definition #3 Legal writing is legendarily redundant, with time-honored phrases such as these: . . . To avoid needless repetition, apply this rule: if one word swallows the meaning of other words, use that word alone.(Bryan Garner, Legal Writing in Plain English. Univ. of Chicago, 2001)I believe in an America where millions of Americans believe in an America thats the America millions of Americans believe in. Thats the America I love.(Governor Mitt Romney, quoted by Martha Gill in Eight Phrases From the Election Well Probably Never Hear Again. New Statesman, November 7, 2012)Planning your funeral service in advance can offer emotional and financial security for you and your family.(Erlewein Mortuary, Greenfield, Indiana)alienate, transfer, and convey (transfer suffices)due and payable (due suffices)give, devise, and bequeath (give suffices)indemnify and hold harmless (indemnify suffices)last will and testament (will suffices) The Lighter Side of Redundancies First and foremost, I hope and trust that each and every one of you shares my basic and fundamental belief that needlessly repetitive and redundant word pairs are not only troublesome and bothersome but also vexing and irritating. We should, of course, be thankful and grateful, not worried and concerned, when a thoughtful and considerate teacher or editor makes a truly sincere effort to completely eliminate any unnecessary and superfluous words from our written compositions. Put another way, redundancies clog our writing and bore our readers. So lets cut em out. Pronunciation: ri-DUN-dent-see

What Experts Are Not Saying About Compare and Contrast Essay Student Samples and What This Means For You

What Experts Are Not Saying About Compare and Contrast Essay Student Samples and What This Means For You It is possible to even begin to sketch a few similarities and differences between the subject you brainstormed so you have a notion on how complicated it's going to be to compose the essay. In such scenario, you will have an overall theme and you will have to do a little bit of studying to find two subjects to compare and contrast. It's common to be assigned to compose essays in every area of study, not just when taking a composition class. Some essays might only speak about similarities, while some might just speak about differences. A strong essay is going to have an opening paragraph that comes with a thesis statement and a concluding paragraph. Introduction with the effective hook and thesis statement stays the same. It's possible for you to restate your thesis statement and point out a number of the arguments used over the whole essay that backs it up. When you have selected your topic and completed your outline, you are going to want to develop a thesis statement. If reading an example you've got a wish to discover more about the objects' comparison, then its author has done a suitable job. After the essay requires a large number of approaches to explore, it's important to understand how to organize it correctly in an attempt to guarantee easy reading. For instance, you may assist the reader see a meaningful connection between both subjects. You must have valid proof to support your ideas along with proper analysis that your readers can see and follow all of the way down. Things You Should Know About Compare and Contrast Essay Student Samples When making comparisons or contrasts, it's vital to be clear what criteria you're using. If you are going to write a comparative essay, you want to get a notion of the impacts of unique aspects to the result you will get at the conclusion of the writing activity. Your capability to make a fantas tic paper is dependent on structuring an ideal outline. When you establish the comparison items you needs to do some suitable research so you have sufficient info on both to be in a position to do an appropriate comparison. Students will discover some great points and ideas essential for the evolution of an excellent school or college comparative essay. They learn to analyze information about two different subjects. They write better papers when they have some good examples in front of them. They can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction. Because private schools provide no such incentives, those who opt to attend them often do so since they think that school is the very best place for them to get strong education. Conventional classes require students to attend class at a certain time and in a particular site. In the span of obtaining an education, students need to deal with distinct tasks and overcome a variety of challenges of different complexity. A teacher is provided a greater pay and is normally viewed with more respect. Again, compare and contrast essays can cover just about any topic and could pop up in an assortment of subject areas. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. It might be necessary to liaise with other people to recognize the good compare and contrast essay topics. A number of the essay topics below may appear to contain subjects that don't have anything in common. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. You may use the suggested topics as inspiration for your own, or you could simply decide to write about one you enjoy the most. Before you begin, it is imperative to choose topics which you really know well. In the majority of instances, the topics you pick should be closely related. Based on the writing task you have at hand, the things you may include in your comparative essay might vary. For example an individual may select a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. Or you're risking of getting blocked by bad understanding of your topic and inability to come up with the idea as it ought to be. Another reason is that they're universally known. Students could be asked to compose essays in nearly every field of study. Every student was assigned a compare and contrast essay at least one time in a lifetime. You also know how to discover sources and the ideal kind to utilize in your paper to ensure it is relevant and interesting. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to pick your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. Don't make your paper biased. A thriving paper always has an excellent title.

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Free Essays

In the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud, had been labeled as the father of psychoanalysis. Working with many great theorists in his lifetime, they helped him expand his thinking too create many theories of his own, one in particular, the psychoanalytic theory. Even though many theorists did not agree with his theory, because of his addiction to cocaine, many believe he was one of the greatest. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia in May 6, 1856 into Jewish parents. In 1860 his family migrated to Vienna, where he resided for about eighty years. He then left Vienna moving to London after the Nazis overran Austria. Since when he was young, Freud wanted to be a scientist. In 1873, Freud enters the medical school of University of Vienna, graduating eight years later. (Hall, 1970) In 1886 He married to Martha Bernays and opened his own practice. (Wollheim, 1971) After studying and working with Jean Charcot a French psychiatrist and Joseph Breuer a Viennese physician, Freud realized that Charcot’s hypnosis treatment was not impressive and Breuer’s conservative view on sexual conflict where the cause of hysteria left Freud working alone.Working alone helped Freud form the foundation of psychoanalytic theory. (Hall, 1970) Psychoanalytic theory is the belief that a dynamic struggle takes place within the human psych between unconscious forces. That’s where the structure of personality takes place. The structure of personality is made up of three main mental entities, Id, Ego, and Superego. Id operates only in the unconscious mind containing basic animal drives as instinctual impulses, hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression.Id follows the pressure principle and demand for instant gratification. Ego represents reason and good sense. Id organizes the ways to handle the delay of gratification by coping with frustration by operating in the reality of principles, seeking to satisfy instinctual demands in way that are practical and socially acceptable. Ego attends to avoid social disapproval. Superego is the interval moral guardian or conscience. Develops by internalizing the moral teachings of parents or other significant others.The ego has to make the compromise between the id and superego. (Quigley, 1998) In the end, balance and interactions of these three parts is determined by our behavior and our ability to meet the life challenges we face. To understand it better in a criminology way an example of the theory would be John is at the mall and sees the diamond on a ring shine right on him and his id thinks, â€Å"I’d like to go and snatch it right off the show case. The ego then says, â€Å"Wait there’s not enough people, you’re in a plain site, let’s wait for the room to get busy. † The superego then says, â€Å"Wait, you can’t do that, you can pay for it. † In 1880s Sigmund Freud started experimenting with cocaine. He believed that cocaine lifted his spirit when he was at a low period in his life. Freud stated that with brilliant success he was able to observe the effects cocaine took on him when he used small doses, regularly for depression and against indigestion. Cocaine) Because of this experimenting stage many has challenge Freud psychoanalytic theory. In practically, Darwin, who critisized Freud theory because it was generated by confusions arising Freud long standing use of cocaine. (Freud, 2010) Also, Breuer, a mentor and friend, disagree with Freud when it came to talking treatment for hysteria because sexual desires lay at the bottom of all these hysterical neuroses and like stated before Breuer was conservative towards the subject. (Boeree, 1997)In 1939, Sigmund Freud died of cancer to the mouth and jaw, after battling it for almost 20 years. Some of Freud’s ideas are tied to his culture and era; other ideas are not easily testable. Some may even of Freud’s own personality and experiences. But Freud was a great observer of the human condition, and enough of what he said has meaning today that he will be a part of personality textbooks for years to come. Even when theorists come up with dramatically different ideas about how we work, they compare their ideas with Freud’s. How to cite Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, Papers

Motivation theories

Introduction Motivation is the force that drives people into action and encourages them into exerting more effort towards carrying out something. Motivated employees feel more comfortable and will have feelings of  happiness  and fulfillment. Besides, motivated workers tend to produce quality results, and are more  productive  than their counterparts are.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different factors exist that can  determine  how an  individual  is motivated; for instance, everyone has basic needs like; food and  shelter  which can be catered for by pay. However, other diverse motivators exist that  stimulate  people into action. A creative environment can  encourage  motivation especially in  design  where a high level of  creativity  is critical. Some workers will do well  given  the problem solving nature of thei r jobs and  support  initiative  against challenges. Besides, creative staff will find the diverse nature of their  occupation  encouraging because they have the opportunity to  try  special  responsibilities. Theories of Motivation – Elton Mayo According to Elton Mayo, employees are not only motivated by  pay, but could also be highly motivated if their social needs are fulfillment especially when they are at the workplace (Sheldrake, 2003). Mayo introduced a new way of looking at employees and argued that managers and supervisors need to have an interest in employees. This involves valuing their opinions and treating them in a worthwhile  manner  by recognizing that they take pride in inter-personal interactions. While coming up with the theory, Mayo experimented at the Western Electric Hawthorne  factory  in Chicago. He separated two groups of women employees and viewed the  outcome  to  productivity  intensity  in varying environments l ike working conditions and lighting. Contrary to his expectations, he  was surprised  to note the  productivity  of the employees improved or remained constant even with varying lighting and other working conditions. He then concluded that employees  are highly motivated  by  various  factors. Among his top picks are better communication between employees and their managers. When employees feel there exists  consultation  on their roles and responsibilities with the managers, they tend to perform  better  also if given the  chance  to give feedback. The second  factor  he discovered was the fact that employees responded  very  well to increased  manager  participation in their working lives. Besides the two, Mayo also identified teamwork as a motivator in working environments. He stated that corporate and businesses should  reorganize  to  encourage  teamwork, which is a  theory  that closely links to paternalistic management styl e.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abraham Maslow In the 1950’s, Abraham Maslow with Frederick Herzberg came up with the neo-human  relations  school. According to Montana and Charnov (2008), â€Å"The  school  focused on employees’  psychological  needs† (p. 408). In his theory, Maslow illustrates five stages in human needs that workers need to fulfill at the workplace. Maslow then structured the needs into a hierarchy. When a  lower  need  is fulfilled  that an employee  will be motivated  to the next  stage  or  need. For instance, a person threatened by hunger will have a  great  motivation  to  achieve  a  basic  wage  to  satisfy  the need to eat by buying food.  in  this sense, the person will have less  motivation  towards getting a  formal  or secure employment. At the bottom, of Mas low’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are the lowest and the most basic; this involves the basic needs of humans, which he argued must be satisfied to sustain life. After the physiological needs  are satisfied, attention now shifts towards safety. In a job environment, this could  mean  the workers  are motivated  to such things like living in a safe area, secure  job  and medical insurance as well as saving for the future. Mackay (2007) noted that â€Å"If employees feel there is not enough  security  provided by their jobs, higher needs will remain unattended† (p.281). Social needs are third in the hierarchy. Maslow’s theory explains that once the lower levels  are satisfied, social needs become a motivator as people  have  other needs for friends or the need to  belong. Esteem needs  come  after employees feeling the need to be recognized and  build  their reputation. At the peak of the hierarchy, Maslow describes th at this is where people  pursue  the need to self -actualize. However, Montana and Charnov (2008) state that â€Å"Maslow’s theory stipulates that  need  to self- actualize is not fully realized as people are constantly pursuing changing endeavors† (p.191). The needs here  are  mostly  related  to  truth,  justice  and  meaning. Theories’  application  in  creative  technology In creative businesses, such as website design, businesses should strive towards giving incentives that meet the needs of the staff to  motivate  them to  progress  up the  hierarchy. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, Maslow’s  theory  dictates that, it is  essential  for managers to realize that workers respond differently to different incentives to increase output. Besides, all workers progress u p the  hierarchy  at different paces. According to Mayo’s theory, creative employees should be encouraged to work in teams. Sheldrake (2003) found out that â€Å"creativity seems to be strengthened by teamwork† (p.122). Motivation Theory in marketing When applying motivation theories in marketing, few changes are  necessary. As explained by O’Neil and Drillings (1994) â€Å"different  employees in different departments  will be motivated  by different incentives† (p.233). In the marketing of merchandise, high levels of motivation  are required  from the staff. A  good  salary  package and attractive benefits attracted from the sales will be  necessary  in  ensuring maximum  productivity  is reached. On the contrary, employees in creative fields require a  serene  working environment among other incentives to maximize on productivity. Motivation tools and techniques Pleasure  technique  is one of the oldest. The too l ensures a  pleasurable  reward for productivity and in turn creates motivation in employees to become more productive, besides when employees feel that their efforts  are being rewarded  they will tend to produce more and more. According to Daft and Lane (2007) â€Å"performance incentives play a key role in ensuring high levels of motivation† (p. 102).  It works  best  by creating an appeal to people’s selfishness, and by giving employees an opportunity to earn more,  you  as an employer will  earn  more.   In addition, setting deadlines will help achieve more as workers will tend to  realize  more  productivity  and are able to concentrate  more  when nearing a deadline. This can be achieved by creation of smaller deadlines that lead to a bigger result. It is important for managers  to  encourage  team spirit and create an  environment  of teamwork. Mackay (2007) noted that â€Å"when people work in a  team  they tend to be more effective† (p. 253) and besides, they  don’t  want to  pull  others down by not putting enough effort.  Encouraging  creativity  is  very  essential, as employees feel more comfortable within an optimistic environment.  The last tool for effective  motivation  is communication. Managers should  uphold  open channels of communication. This enables one to fix the problems as soon as they arise and it creates a better working  environment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion It is  important  for every business to take note of the  theory  to  implement. Depending on its  line  of trade, various incentives may be given to employees to maximize production. References List Daft, R. L., Lane, P. G. (2007).The leadership experience. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning Mackay, A. (2007). Motivation, Ability and Confidence Building in People. London: Taylor Francis Montana, P. J., Charnov, B. H. (2008).Management. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s Educational Series O’Neil, H. F., Drillings, M. (1994).Motivation: Theory and Research.New York, NY: Routledge Sheldrake, J. (2003).Management theory. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning This essay on Motivation theories was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Motivation Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and real business  firm  example Abraham Maslow was one of the humanistic psychologists who were instrumental in delivering management and educational fields through useful descriptions of human needs. Such needs became known during revolutionary time of hierarchy of needs (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010, p.10). He believed that people couldn’t be healthy and well adjusted unless all of their basic needs were met. The Maslow’s aim was to motivate employee through the provision of basic needs so that they could become functional in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, Maslow identified five types of basic needs and ranked them from the lowest or the most basic need upwards to those less basic. He believed that all the needs were not aroused at once, but rather triggered gradually. He stated t hat, once the most basic was satisfied, the next need became necessary to satisfy (Stephens and Gary 1998, p.61). The constituencies of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include self-actualization, safety and physiological needs, esteem and, of course, social needs. Physiological needs, which are at the lowest level in the hierarchy, are responsible for satisfying the most fundamental biological drivers (Montana and Charnov 2008, p.19). Such needs include food, water, shelter, and air. In most companies, it is necessary to ensure that employees’ psychological or basic needs are met. For instance, most companies pay employees a living wage to exchange it for food and shelter. However, this is not the only way companies satisfy employee psychological needs. For instance, at Hershey foods and southern California Edison employees normally get coffee or tea break and other resting opportunities. In addition, to ensure that employees are healthy, companies provide exercise fac ilities for them. In real life businesses, companies like Hershey foods, and southern California Edison, employees who live healthy get an award of insurance rebates. On the other hand, those who are at high risk of illness have their premium raised. As a result, insurance burden is not only well distributed to encourage people to live healthy lives, but also as an incentive encouraging them to embrace health. Safety needs arise once the psychological needs have been satisfied. This is about the need to live in an environment that is both, psychologically and physically safe and secure. Organizations have in many ways work to ensure that employee safety exists (Pride Hughes and Kapoor 2011, p.88). For instance, at Hershey foods and southern California Edison shop workers get maximum protection from environmental hazards through wearing hard hats and goggles. For office workers, attempts to release them from eyestrain and back pains, the companies provide well designed computer monit ors, chairs, and desks exist. Currently, most organizations show enormous interest in ensuring protection and employees’ safety. Although the government dictates most of the safety practices, it is worth nothing that employees recognize the motivational benefits associated with safe working environments.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social needs come into light once the psychological and safety needs are satisfied. These refer to the need of linking and getting acceptance from others (Miller, Vandome and John 2010, p.99). As human beings, we need acceptance from other people surrounding us. Companies such as Hershey foods and southern California Edison provides health club facilities for its employees. This is alongside keeps its employees healthy, which is essential. Esteem needs come ones the psychological, safety, and social needs are satisfied. This is due to the fact tha t we do not only need to create social links with others, but instead, we need to gain their approval and respect. Esteem needs refer to desire for achievement of success and recognition by others. For instance, in companies such as Hershey foods and southern California Edison, senior employees reserved parking spots exists. This acts as a way of recognizing or honoring senior employees. As a result, this promotes esteem of the senior employees within the organization. In addition, Hershey foods and southern California Edison recognizes best practices of their employees by awarding bonuses. Self-actualization needs arise once all lower order level needs are met. This is so because employees will aim at becoming whatever they are capable of being. Once they attain self-actualization level, they are able to perform at their best and become valuable assets to the organization. As a result, most companies pave the way to employees to attain self-actualization by meeting the lower needs. For instance, at Hershey foods, and southern California Edison, most of the lower needs of employees have favorable conditions for their achievement to pave the way for employee attaining self-actualization and ensure maximum production. Pros and Cons One of the main pros associated with the theory is that it provides a perfect guideline regarding the needs that employees are motivated to achieve. As a result, most companies have implemented this theory through practice thus enabling employees to be successful (Orcena 1995, p.87). This has made the theory popular among most organizational practitioners. On the other hand, the main con associated with the theory is that, it states that there are five needs, activated in a certain order. This is not true because, to some people some of the issue regarded by Maslow as psychological needs may not be so to them. Some individuals may decide to satisfy social needs even before safety needs based on their conditions.Advertising We wil l write a custom essay sample on Motivation Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation: ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer) and Real Life  Business  Example Alderfer presented the ERG theory in 1969 with an attempt to improve the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs through allowing flexibility of movement between needs (Milliken 1998, p.63). The theory was due to the reduced number of needs levels and allowance for needs variation depending on individuals. In addition, he gave an allowance for the simultaneous pursuing of needs. He divided the needs into three categories. Such categories included; existence, relatedness, and growth needs. Existence needs involve combination of psychological and safety needs. Under existence needs, some of the needs identified include, food, shelter, and clothing (Koont 1990, p.101). Relatedness needs include social and external esteem needs, such as coworkers, friends, and family involvement. G rowth needs refer to the internal esteem and the self-actualization needs. These are the most abstract needs because they do not involve physical aspects. Such needs include the desire to be productive or creative. Maslow interpreted his theory stating that it was aimed at satisfying needs, and as a result, ensured employee motivation. Alderfer stated that all categories of needs are paramount, as they are satisfied. According to Alderfer, there is no hierarchy of needs. He states that all needs are equally valuable and once they are satisfied, employees become motivated to work or become creative (Robinson 2003, p.155). As a result, the aspect of need frustration becomes eliminated because concentration of needs at some level acts as a motivator at some point in time. He stated that, when an individual gets a motivation to satisfy high-level needs, but faces difficulties, then an individual is free to satisfy low level needs first (Robbins, 2009, p.200). Based on this theory, emplo yees at Hershey foods and southern California Edison have an opportunity to move in and out of the various levels. This depends on the extent to which needs of employees should be met. As a result, most of the management students claim that this theory is logical and similar to most of the worldviews. At Hershey food, and southern California Edison, employees are capable of placing emphasis on a single category of needs that one considers necessary at that moment. According to Alderfer, he recommended needs to be met simultaneously, without a certain order. For instance, a starving artist may emphasize abundantly in art creation, which represents growth needs than on existence need such as shelter and clothing (Jones, George and Hill 2000, p.5).Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, an employee who aims at increasing responsibility through promotion may work towards satisfying all needs by increasing pay hence representing existence needs. In addition, he will work towards the development of a large social network by promoting relatedness. As a result, he will ensure an increase in self-esteem hence promoting growth of needs. According to this theory, frustration arises due to regression through the needs levels. This arises in most case where most of the lower needs levels are not met (Wallace and Szilagyi 1982, p.109). There are some exceptions for frustration regression. First exception arises due to failure to fulfill most of the existence needs. The second exemption arises due to much fulfillment of growth needs leading to much growth needs. Pros and Cons The most common pro associated with this theory is that, unlike in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the individuals has an opportunity to satisfy needs depending on their choice. The f act that needs are not organized in a hierarchy enables an individual to satisfy what he thinks are necessary thus avoiding frustration (McKenna 2000, p.57). On the other hand, the main con associated with this theory is that, needs should be satisfied systematically to avoid prioritization of issues that may not be much essential in life. In addition, the use of this theory may not promote the progress since things do not happen systematically. My Own Opinion on the Theories It is worth nothing that motivation is one of the essential elements in organizations. This is an element affected by an individual’s background and attitudes and related external factors (Hill and Jones 2007, p.7). As stated in the theories, most of the researchers focus on limited variables in its applications. In my opinion, although Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs is appealing there are recent emerging theories that focus on appropriate contexts. In addition, it is worth nothing that it is not enou gh to state that employee are motivated through satisfaction of needs. Instead, it is essential for the manager of an organization to understand the diversity of employees operating. To ensure that employees are motivated, it is necessary to understand them critically so that a manager does not only work on satisfaction of needs in a systematic manner (Hill and Jones 2004, p.76). In my option regarding Alderfer theory of needs, it is a brilliant idea that needs do not have to be satisfied in a systematic manner. However, it is essential to satisfy needs that are most essential in life other than satisfying those that one can do well in their absence. Reference List Buchanan, D.A Huczynski, A. A. 2010. Organizational Behavior seventh edition. Pearson: New York. Hill, C.W. L. Jones, G. R. 2004. Cases in strategic management. Houghton Mifflin Co: New York. Hill, C.W.L. Jones, G. R. 2007. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning: New York. Jones, G.R., George, J .M. Hill C.W.L. 2000. Contemporary management. Irwin/McGraw-Hill: Pennsylvania. Koont, Z. 1990. Essentials of Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education: San Francisco. McKenna, E.F. 2000. Business psychology and organisational behavior. Psychology Press: London. Miller, F.P., Vandome, A.F. John, M. 2010. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. VDM Verlag: New York. Milliken, M.E. 1998. Understanding human behavior: a guide for health care providers. Cengage Learning: New York. Montana, P. J. Charnov, B.H. 2008. Management. Barron’s Educational Series Publishers: New York. Orcena, J.E. 1995. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: gender differences in motivation. Ohio State University: Ohio. Pride, W.M., Hughes, R.J. Kapoor, J.R. 2011. Business. Cengage Learning: San Francisco. Robbins, S. P. 2009. Organisational behaviour: global and Southern African perspectives. Pearson: Johannesburg. Robinson, J. 2003. Organizational Behaviour. Pearson: New York. Stephens, D.C. Gary, H. 1998. M aslow on management. John Wiley: London. Wallace, M.J. Szilagyi, A.D. 1982. Managing behavior in organizations. Scott, Foresman Publishers: Scott. This essay on Motivation Theories was written and submitted by user Tristian J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of Ethical Theories in Handling Practical Problems in Medical Ethics

The Role of Ethical Theories in Handling Practical Problems in Medical Ethics Introduction There is variation between what feels right and what is right. This is the basic principle that brings about the considerations of ethics in whatever activity man engages in. We should not only do what feels right but also do the right thing as a way of upholding the ethical standards expected of us all.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Ethical Theories in Handling Practical Problems in Medical Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are quite a number of platforms where strict ethical considerations must be incorporated in order to come up with plausible results that will not have negative impacts on the conscience of both the decision makers and their subjects. It is important to note, therefore, that decisions instigated by ethics are not just what feel right to us as the decision makers but what are right for both us and whoever our decisions would have impacts on. The significance o f ethics has become apparent in the general practices that we engage ourselves in. Therefore, it is wrong to assume that ethics only apply in death and life matters in the professional lives of medical practitioners. Many have since thought that ethical considerations only apply in issues of abortion, euthanasia and contraception. On the contrary, ethical considerations must be incorporated in practically every medical consultation (Pence, 2007). This is inconsiderate of whether medical examinations will follow or not. It must be noted that the dignity of patients has to be upheld in the process of either medical consultation or examination. Additionally, practitioners must understand the specific expectations needs of patient in relation to their medical complications as a mode of improving both the physical and mental outcomes of their interaction with patients. This paper is a discussion of whether ethical theories have an imperative role to play in addressing practical complicat ions in medical ethics or not. It also includes a detailed discussion on how the general ethical considerations are supposed to be incorporated in medical practices in order to foster decisions that have the best impacts on both the decision makers and the parties on whom the decisions made would have impacts. In the discussion, I will agree with the fact that ethical theories are indeed important in addressing practical complications in medical ethics. How are we supposed to make ethical decisions? People have, in most occasions, made decisions on an intuitive basis. This means that they have made decisions that feel right to them. However, this approach of decision making has quite a number of setbacks. For instance, there is always no guaranteed success of this approach in cases where the decision makers had never met a similar complication before.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lea rn More This is because the consequences of the decisions made remain uncertain until they are actually manifested. That notwithstanding, decisions instigated by mere intuitions might be difficult to defend if challenged. This is purely because someone’s feeling may contradict totally with the societal ethical standards (Palmer, 2008). The different moral theories make one understand and evaluate the consequences of the decisions he or she is yet to make in relation to medical complications. I will base my arguments and rational decisions that need to be made concerning medical complications on basic ethical theories. These theories include consequentialism, deontology and principlism. It is imperative that rational decisions are made in virtually all occasions of medical complications. These decisions need not only to conform to the feelings of the parties involved but also to the societal norms and their guiding principles. The theory of concequentialism is based on the fact that the consequences of each course of action are the only things that matter as far as rational decision making is concerned (Pence, 2007). As a matter of fact, only positive consequences that guarantee the happiness of both parties involved in a medical complication are needed. For this reason, we can note, therefore, that this theory focuses on decisions that will only yield positive outcomes; outcomes that will please everyone involved. A good example of a medical complication that has sparked numerous ethical concerns is the intake of contraceptives. Even though this has been a topic of discussion for quite some time, it is important to take into consideration the fact that its utilization yields positive outcomes (Pence, 2007). For instance, the use of contraceptives controls the size of a family hence making it relatively manageable. This applies especially to middle and low class families. This is a sign of happiness because all the members in the family become co ntented as opposed to when the family is larger but with the same income (Palmer, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Ethical Theories in Handling Practical Problems in Medical Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, not everyone agrees with the fact that the use of contraceptives brings happiness to both its users and prescribers. Others may argue that is it difficult to measure the degree of happiness in such scenarios. This is because someone may be offended by what makes another man happy. That aside, the critics of this theory also argue that the expected good consequences of a decision may turn out to be unexpectedly bad. For example, the effects of contraceptives on the bodies of their consumers may be harmful hence surpassing the perceived positive consequences. This, according to critics, explains the difficulty in banking so much on perceived positivity of decisions. Critics say tha t concequentialism may also compel people to resort to bizarre solutions with the aim of ensuring that all parties involved are happy (Pence, 2007). Deontology, as opposed to concequentialism, states that what should be important in decisions are not their consequences but moral obligations that prompt us into making the decision. The decisions made in line with this theory take into account moral duties and not their consequences. There are basic moral duties that form the foundation of deontology. They include the moral duties of not harming others, being kind to them, always telling the truth and keeping promises. Others include fair judgment and being thankful for assistance offered. In the case of a hospital with three patients; two of whom need heart and liver transplant respectively and the last one healing from an attempted suicide, one would argue that the patient who attempted to take away his life should be killed and his organs given to the other patients who want to liv e. It is not morally upright to kill a person even if that will save the lives of two or more people. This illustrates the significance of ignoring the consequences of a decision and focusing on its moral acceptance. The patients in this case should be left to heal through means that will not violate the societal ethical value of not inflicting harm to others. In the event that the two patients that need organ transplant are unable to find compatible donors, the other patient who wants to die must not be denied the right to live if he still has the chance to, all in the name of yielding positive results without taking into account the moral consequences (Pence, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A critic will argue that no moral duty should be considered as absolute. They say that the moral duties, however, should be followed to their latter until a pressing one surfaces. This implies that these duties only apply in other occasions but are overlooked when better options come along inconsiderate of the grave consequences of the other better options. Others have also argued that the moral duties are only valid to those that believe in them. Just like religious people depend on their faith for some answers and non-religious people do not believe in their faith, other people too do not follow moral duties simply because they do not believe in them. They say that the origin of the laws encrypted in the moral duties is uncertain (Palmer, 2008). The theory of principlism amalgamates just actions with the principle that preaches no harm to others. It also fosters autonomy and the act of doing well to others. Philosophers have since argued that these four principles can play an impe rative role in tackling virtually any ethical problem that may arise. For this reason, this theory can as well be applied in handling medical ethics and their related complications. Just like other theories, this too has faced criticism. People have it pinned down by disapproving of its validity as an ethical theory. They say it is a mere amalgamation of principles that are already incorporated in other theories (Palmer, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, therefore, ethical theories play an imperative role in addressing practical problems in medical ethics. They assist in the making of rational decisions that are not only aimed at yielding positive results but also ensuring that all the parties involved are satisfied. Medical practitioners should apply ethical theories in every step of their decision making process in order to shun cases of incomprehensible medical decisions (Pence, 2007). References Palmer, M. F. (2008). Moral problems in medicine: A practical coursebook. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. Pence, G. E. (2007). Classic cases in medical ethics: Accounts of cases that have shaped medical ethics, with philosophical, legal, and historical backgrounds. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Word Choice Onto vs. On To - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Onto vs. On To - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Onto vs. On To The author Kingsley Amis once said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have found by experience that no one persistently using ‘onto’ writes anything much worth reading.† But Amis was also a serial adulterer and a drunk, so, in some regards, he might not be a great example to follow. â€Å"Onto† is a common term in most forms of writing these days. But there are occasions when you should still keep â€Å"on† and â€Å"to† separate. To help you understand when this is necessary, in this blogpost we explain the difference between â€Å"onto† and â€Å"on to.† Onto (To Position on a Surface) Although originally written as two words, â€Å"onto† is now a one-word preposition used to mean â€Å"position on top of† something. As such, we might say: I climbed onto the wall to get a better view. Here, the key factor is that something is on top of something else. Climbing onto walls can end badly if you are a fictional egg. It can also be used metaphorically to describe understanding something (i.e., being â€Å"on top of† a problem): When she saw how to correct the error, she was onto it in a flash. The important thing to remember about â€Å"onto,† though, is that it generally involves something being positioned on top of something else. On To (Part of a Verb Phrase) â€Å"On† and â€Å"to† should be kept separate when the â€Å"on† is part of a verb phrase. Take the following, for example: Once you finish reading Treasure Island, you can move on to Of Mice and Men. Here, â€Å"on† is part of the verb phrase â€Å"move on,† meaning â€Å"proceed onward,† and followed by the preposition â€Å"to.† If we used â€Å"onto,† it would imply climbing on top of a John Steinbeck novel! And thats not how to treat the works of respected authors. Onto or On To? When choosing between â€Å"onto† and â€Å"on to,† the important thing is the context. If the â€Å"on† belongs to a verb phrase, the terms should be separate. If you’re describing something as being positioned on top of something else, however, â€Å"onto† is acceptable. Remember: Onto = Preposition meaning â€Å"on top of† On to = Part of a verb phrase